| TABLE OF CONTENTS | |
|---|---|
| GLOSSARY:ix | |
| VOLUME I | |
| Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION: | |
| 1.1. General:1 | |
| 1.2. Aim of this book:1 | |
| 1.3. Scope of this book:3 | |
| 1.4. Interaction:6 | |
| Chapter 2 UNIVERSAL MEDIUM: | |
| 2.1. Assumptions in physics:9 | |
| 2.2. Entities:13 | |
| 2.2.1. Substance:15 | |
| 2.2.2. Matter:16 | |
| 2.2.3. Macrobodies:18 | |
| 2.3. Space:19 | |
| 2.3.1. Fundamental dimensions:22 | |
| 2.3.2. Space as a reference:24 | |
| 2.3.3. Dimensional spatial systems:27 | |
| 2.3.4. Necessity of a universal medium:29 | |
| 2.3.5. Ideal universal medium:30 | |
| 2.4. Postulation:34 | |
| 2.4.1. Structureless matter:35 | |
| 2.4.2. States of existence of matter:38 | |
| 2.4.3. Postulated matter-particle:39 | |
| 2.4.4. Quantum of matter:40 | |
| 2.4.5. Properties of a quantum of matter:44 | |
| 2.5. Nature of quanta of matter:48 | |
| 2.5.1. Actions within a quantum of matter:49 | |
| Integrity of matter-content:i | |
| Chapter 2 (Continued) | |
| Change in dimensional status:52 | |
| Displacement in space:57 | |
| 2.5.2. Co-existence of matter-bodies:61 | |
| 2.5.3. Co-existence of quanta of matter:63 | |
| 2.5.4. Preservation of individuality:66 | |
| 2.5.5. Interaction between quanta of matter:70 | |
| 2.6. Universal medium:76 | |
| 2.6.1. Junction points:78 | |
| 2.6.2. 2D energy field:82 | |
| 2.6.3. Equilibrium of a 2D energy-field:85 | |
| 2.6.4. Properties of 2D energy-fields:88 | |
| 2.6.5. Homogeneity of universal medium:91 | |
| 2.6.6. Anisotropy of universal medium:92 | |
| 2.6.7. Relative motion in universal medium:93 | |
| 2.7. Structural distortions:94 | |
| 2.7.1. Reactive effort:95 | |
| 2.7.2. Field-effort:98 | |
| 2.7.3. Work and effort:100 | |
| 2.8. Distortion-field:102 | |
| 2.8.1. Transmission of distortion-fields:106 | |
| 2.8.2. Range of distortion-field:111 | |
| 2.8.3. Time and inertia:112 | |
| 2.9. Disturbance:115 | |
| 2.9.1. Breakdown of a 2D energy-field:116 | |
| 2.9.2. Creation of a disturbance:117 | |
| 2.9.3. Magnitude of a disturbance:118 | |
| Chapter 3 GRAVITATION | |
| 3.1. Gravitation:121 | |
| 3.1.1. Range of gravitation:122 | |
| 3.1.2. Nature of gravitation:122 | |
| 3.1.3. Strength of gravitation:124 | |
| 3.2. Application of gravitation:126 | |
| 3.2.1. Action of gravitation:127 | |
| 3.2.2. Motion by gravitation:130 | |
| 3.2.3. Pressure energy of a disturbance:131 | |
| 3.2.4. Gravitation on a straight perimeter:132 | |
| 3.2.5. Gravitation on a curved perimeter:135 | |
| Chapter 3 (Continued) | |
| 3.3. Gravitation on a disturbance:138 | |
| 3.3.1. Shaping a disturbance:138 | |
| 3.3.2. Size reduction of a disturbance:140 | |
| 3.3.3. Contraction of a small disturbance:141 | |
| 3.4. Apparent attraction:143 | |
| 3.4.1. Gravitational attraction in 2D space:147 | |
| 3.4.2. Effect of angle subtended:149 | |
| Chapter 4 PHOTON | |
| 4.1. Contraction of a larger disturbance:153 | |
| 4.1.1. Internal pressure of a disturbance:153 | |
| 4.1.2. Very large disturbance:155 | |
| 4.1.3. Disturbance of optimum size:156 | |
| 4.1.4. Creation of 3D matter:157 | |
| 4.1.5. Creation of higher-dimensional matter:159 | |
| 4.1.6. Critical radial size:160 | |
| 4.1.7. Moulding a 3D disturbance:161 | |
| 4.2. Ejection effort:162 | |
| 4.3. Spin effort:164 | |
| 4.4. Photon:165 | |
| 4.4.1. Centrifugal action in a 3D disturbance:166 | |
| 4.4.2. Creation of a photon:167 | |
| Shape of a photon:169 | |
| Concepts of a photon:171 | |
| Polarity of a photon:172 | |
| 4.5. Motion of a photon:173 | |
| 4.5.1. Linear motion of a photon:175 | |
| Stabilising mechanism:182 | |
| 4.5.2. Spin motion of a photon:186 | |
| Stabilising mechanism:190 | |
| 4.6. Stable photon:194 | |
| 4.6.1. Stability of straight-line path:195 | |
| 4.7. Stability of photon's linear speed:200 | |
| 4.7.1. Higher than critical speed:202 | |
| 4.7.2. Lesser than critical speed:207 | |
| 4.8. Stability of photon's spin speed:212 | |
| 4.8.1. Frequency shift of light:212 | |
| 4.9. Resultant speed of a photon:217 | |
| Chapter 4 (Continued) | |
| 4.10. Extent of Universe:218 | |
| 4.11. Background radiation:219 | |
| 4.12. Matter and energy-content of a photon:219 | |
| 4.12.1. Work and energy about a photon:222 | |
| 4.12.2. Kinetic energy and rest mass:229 | |
| Chapter 5 INERTIA | |
| 5.1. Physical body:233 | |
| 5.1.1. State of uniform motion:235 | |
| 5.1.2. Interactions between 3D material bodies:238 | |
| 5.2. Inertial-efforts:241 | |
| 5.2.1. Nature of an effort:242 | |
| 5.2.2. Action of an inertial-effort:250 | |
| 5.2.3. Inertia:260 | |
| 5.2.4. Efficiency of an effort:261 | |
| 5.3. Mechanism of inertial motion:263 | |
| 5.3.1. Effort on a macrobody:270 | |
| 5.3.2. Addition of co-linear motions:275 | |
| 5.3.3. Resultant of concurrent motions:279 | |
| 5.3.4. Linear momentum:283 | |
| 5.4. Torque:284 | |
| 5.4.1. Mechanism of rotary motion:287 | |
| 5.4.2. Inertia of rotary motion:291 | |
| 5.4.3. Angular momentum:293 | |
| 5.5. 'Centrifugal force':296 | |
| 5.5.1. Bucket argument revisited:299 | |
| 5.6. Motion in circular path:308 | |
| 5.6.1. Momentum in circular motion:312 | |
| 5.7. 'Centripetal force':316 | |
| 5.7.1. Reduction in ‘centripetal force':319 | |
| 5.7.2. Increase in ‘centripetal force':320 | |
| 5.7.3. Termination of ‘centripetal force':320 | |
| 5.7.4. Tangential motion:323 | |
| 5.8. Linear motion of a rotating body:325 | |
| 5.8.1. Rotation by a linear effort:333 | |
| 5.9. Gyroscopic inertia:336 | |
| 5.9.1. Gyroscopic precession:336 | |
| 5.10. Effect of very large explosion:339 | |
| Chapter 6 RADIATION | |
| 6.1. Matter-field:345 | |
| 6.1.1. Distortions in matter-fields:348 | |
| 6.1.2. Directional classification of distortions:354 | |
| Normal-distortion:355 | |
| Parallel- distortion:356 | |
| 6.2. Radiation:357 | |
| 6.2.1. Radiation of matter:359 | |
| 6.2.2. Radiation of energy:362 | |
| 6.3. Velocity of radiation:364 | |
| 6.4. Light:366 | |
| 6.4.1. Speed of light:368 | |
| 6.4.2. Velocity of electromagnetic wave:371 | |
| 6.5. Relative velocity of radiation:373 | |
| 6.5.1. Velocity of radiation in a medium:380 | |
| 6.6. Properties of radiation:383 | |
| 6.7. Reflection of light:384 | |
| 6.7.1. Angle of reflection:394 | |
| Difference in rest masses:395 | |
| Differences in angle of incidence:397 | |
| Selective reflection:400 | |
| 6.8. Doppler Effect:404 | |
| 6.8.1. Reflection from a regressing surface:406 | |
| 6.8.2. Reflection from an approaching surface:407 | |
| 6.8.3. Radiation from a moving source:409 | |
| 6.8.4. Radiation received by a moving body:410 | |
| 6.9. Radiation near a very large macrobody:411 | |
| 6.10. Refraction of light:414 | |
| 6.10.1. Magnitude of refraction:418 | |
| 6.10.2. Dispersion of composite light:419 | |
| 6.10.3. Refraction during reflection:420 | |
| 6.11. Selective refraction:422 | |
| 6.11.1. Total internal reflection:424 | |
| 6.11.2. Double refraction:424 | |
| 6.11.3. Double reflection:425 | |
| 6.12. Diffraction of light:426 | |
| 6.12.1. Wave nature of fundamental particles:429 | |
| 6.13. Interference of light:430 | |
| Chapter 6 (Continued) | |
| 6.14. Polarisation of light:433 | |
| Chapter 7 GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION | |
| 7.1. Push gravity:437 | |
| 7.2. Gravitation in 3D space:439 | |
| 7.3. Gravitational attraction:440 | |
| 7.3.1. Attraction in 3D space:442 | |
| 7.3.2. Attraction between photons:445 | |
| 7.3.3. Attraction between coplanar photons:447 | |
| 7.3.4. Attraction between macrobodies:453 | |
| 7.3.5. Magnitude of attraction:459 | |
| 7.4. Inverse square law:462 | |
| 7.4.1. Breakdown of inverse square law:464 | |
| 7.5. Gravitational constant in 2D space:467 | |
| 7.5.1. Practical gravitational constant:471 | |
| 7.6. Action at a distance:473 | |
| 7.7. Screening gravitation:474 | |
| 7.8. levitation:475 | |
| 7.9. Anomaly in gravitational attraction:477 | |
| Chapter 8 DISTORTION-FIELDS | |
| 8.1. Unstable photon:481 | |
| 8.2. Distortions due to unstable photon:485 | |
| 8.3. Distortion-field:490 | |
| 8.3.1. Interaction between distortion-fields:498 | |
| 8.3.2. Mechanism of field-efforts:499 | |
| 8.3.3. Lines of force:501 | |
| 8.4. Superposition of distortion-fields:502 | |
| 8.4.1. Unidirectional linear distortion-fields:504 | |
| 8.4.2. Linear distortion-fields in opposite directions:505 | |
| 8.4.3. Angular distortion-fields:506 | |
| 8.5. Field-efforts between photons:507 | |
| 8.6. Interaction between photons:511 | |
| 8.6.1. Linearly moving photons:514 | |
| Motion in the same direction:515 | |
| Motion in opposite directions:517 | |
| 8.6.2. Angularly moving photons:521 | |
| Motion in dissimilar directions:524 | |
| Chapter 8 (Continued) | |
| Motion in similar direction:529 | |
| 8.7. Interaction between distortion-fields:541 | |
| 8.7.1. Linear distortion-fields:545 | |
| 8.7.2. Angular distortion-fields:547 | |
| Dissimilar angular distortion-fields:548 | |
| Similar angular distortion-fields:552 | |
| 8.7.3. Assorted distortion-fields:555 | |
| Chapter 9 BITON | |
| 9.1. Formation of a biton:563 | |
| 9.2. Binding effort of a biton:567 | |
| 9.3. Stable biton:570 | |
| 9.3.1. Change in the matter-content of one photon:573 | |
| 9.4. Distortion-field about a biton:576 | |
| 9.5. Stabilisation of a biton:583 | |
| 9.5.1. Higher matter-content of a biton:586 | |
| 9.5.2. Lower matter-content of a biton:587 | |
| 9.5.3. Ground state of matter:588 | |
| 9.6. Stable biton in free space:589 | |
| 9.7. External pressure on a biton:591 | |
| 9.7.1. Expansion of a macrobody:594 | |
| 9.8. Internal pressure of a macrobody:595 | |
| 9.8.1. Radiation from a macrobody:597 | |
| 9.9. Life of a biton:598 | |
| 9.9.1. Entropy of universe:599 | |
| 9.9.2. Room temperature:600 | |
| 9.9.3. Magnitude of radiation:601 | |
| 9.10. Linear motion of a biton:602 | |
| 9.11. Heat rays:612 | |
| 9.11.1. Direct method of heating:614 | |
| 9.11.2. Indirect method of heating:615 | |
| 9.11.3. Energy transfer during heating:616 | |
| 9.11.4. Radiation during heating:617 | |
| 9.12. Heat and coldness:619 | |
| 9.12.1. Transfer of heat:624 | |
| 9.12.2. Temperature in high pressure regions:626 | |
| 9.12.3. Matter-content level and physical state:627 | |
| 9.12.4. Brownian motion:629 | |
| Chapter 9 (Continued) | |
| 9.12.5. Floating macrobodies:634 | |
| 9.12.6. Thermodynamic laws:634 | |
| 9.13. Temperature and acceleration due to gravity:635 | |
| 9.14. Energy content of a biton:637 | |
| 9.15. Classification of bitons:639 | |
| VOLUME II | |
| Chapter 10 TETRON | |
| 10.1. Interaction between bitons:641 | |
| 10.2. Combination of two bitons:644 | |
| 10.3. Bonds in tetron:648 | |
| 10.3.1. Stabilisation of tetron:650 | |
| 10.3.2. Change in 3D matter-content:656 | |
| 10.3.3. Deflection of a biton:657 | |
| 10.3.4. Sustenance of stability:661 | |
| 10.4. Mass and weight of a tetron:662 | |
| 10.5. Interaction between tetrons:663 | |
| 10.6. Group formation by tetrons:674 | |
| 10.6.1. Layer formation by tetrons:677 | |
| 10.7. Formation of a neutron:680 | |
| 10.7.1. Bonds in a neutron:681 | |
| 10.8. Properties of neutrons:684 | |
| 10.8.1. Splitting a neutron:685 | |
| 10.8.2. Energy content of a neutron:686 | |
| Chapter 11 FIELD-EFFORT | |
| 11.1. Classification of efforts:687 | |
| 11.1.1. Mechanism of field-effort:688 | |
| 11.1.2. 3D nature of field-efforts:696 | |
| 11.1.3. Components of a field-effort:697 | |
| 11.1.4. Nature of resolved components:698 | |
| 11.2. Primary electric field:702 | |
| Chapter 11 (Continued) | |
| 11.3. Magnetic field:704 | |
| 11.3.1. Magnet:705 | |
| 11.4. Electric field:707 | |
| 11.4.1. Axes of electric and magnetic fields:708 | |
| 11.4.2. Electric charge:710 | |
| 11.5. Interaction between magnetic fields:711 | |
| 11.6. Interaction between electric fields:714 | |
| 11.6.1. Zilch-effort distance:723 | |
| 11.7. Split distortion-fields:728 | |
| 11.8. Static distortion-fields:739 | |
| 11.9. Range of distortion-fields:740 | |
| 11.10. Strength of a field-effort:741 | |
| Chapter 12 HEXTON | |
| 12.1. Formation of a hexton:753 | |
| 12.2. Hexton:755 | |
| 12.2.1. Changes in 3D matter-content:764 | |
| 12.2.2. Deflection of a biton:765 | |
| 12.2.3. Classification of hextons:768 | |
| 12.2.4. Distortion-fields of a hexton:769 | |
| 12.3. Distortion-field of a positron:771 | |
| 12.3.1. Positron:777 | |
| 12.4. Distortion-field of an electron:778 | |
| 12.4.1. Electron:783 | |
| 12.5. Nuclear field:784 | |
| 12.5.1. Interaction between nuclear fields:786 | |
| 12.5.2. Strength of nuclear fields:792 | |
| 12.6. Energy content of a hexton:793 | |
| 12.7. Interaction between 3D matter-particles:794 | |
| 12.7.1. Interaction between two electrons:795 | |
| 12.7.2. Interaction between an electron and a tetron:796 | |
| 12.7.3. Interaction between an electron and a positron:797 | |
| Annihilation of 3D matter:799 | |
| 12.7.4. Interaction between two positrons:800 | |
| 12.7.5. Interaction between a positron and a tetron:802 | |
| 12.8. Proton:806 | |
| 12.9. deuteron:809 | |
| 12.9.1. Interaction between two deuterons:812 | |
| ix | |
| Chapter 13 ATOM | |
| 13.1. Induced distortion-fields:815 | |
| 13.2. Atoms of elements:817 | |
| 13.3. Nucleus of an atom:820 | |
| 13.4. Grouping of deuterons:821 | |
| 13.4.1. Axial arrangement:822 | |
| 13.4.2. Circular arrangement:825 | |
| 13.4.3. Mixed arrangement:826 | |
| 13.5. Development of a nucleus:828 | |
| 13.6. Formation of an atom:830 | |
| 13.7. Nuclear spin:837 | |
| 13.7.1. Positron on electron's path:839 | |
| 13.7.2. Positron outside electron's path:843 | |
| 13.7.3. Direction of spin:845 | |
| 13.8. Alignment of orbital electron:845 | |
| 13.8.1. Secondary electric field:857 | |
| 13.9. Stable atom:858 | |
| 13.9.1. Electronic orbital paths:861 | |
| 13.10. Energy content of an atom:868 | |
| 13.11. Grouping by atoms:870 | |
| 13.11.1. Formation of a molecule:871 | |
| 13.11.2. Characteristic properties of elements:872 | |
| 13.11.3. Chemical interactions:874 | |
| 13.11.4. Disintegration of atoms:876 | |
| 13.11.5. Pair production:878 | |
| Chapter 14 ELECTRICITY | |
| 14.1. Application of this concept:881 | |
| 14.2. Electric motoring:885 | |
| 14.2.1. Strength of motoring effort:888 | |
| 14.2.2. Electric field in non-uniform magnetic field:889 | |
| 14.3. Electric generation:891 | |
| 14.3.1. Nature of electric current:894 | |
| 14.4. Atomic section in a magnetic field:897 | |
| 14.4.1. Electric field about atomic section:902 | |
| 14.4.2. Moving atomic section in magnetic field:905 | |
| 14.5. Atom in a magnetic field:909 | |
| Chapter 14 (Continued) | |
| 14.5.1. Electric induction:911 | |
| 14.6. Electric potential:918 | |
| 14.6.1. Field-effort on an atom:921 | |
| 14.6.2. Electric potential in a conductor body:926 | |
| 14.6.3. Electric potential due to generation:928 | |
| 14.6.4. Electric potential due to induction:930 | |
| 14.6.5. Direction of electric potential:930 | |
| 14.6.6. Spread of electric potential:939 | |
| 14.7. Electric current:944 | |
| 14.7.1. Production of electric current:946 | |
| 14.7.2. Electric current in conductor body:949 | |
| 14.8. Static electricity:954 | |
| 14.8.1. Methods to develop electric potential:954 | |
| 14.9. Electric resistance:956 | |
| 14.9.1. Effect of heat on resistance:959 | |
| 14.9.2. Thermal effect of electric current:961 | |
| 14.10. Contact potential:964 | |
| 14.11. Electromagnetic waves:966 | |
| 14.11.1. Photon and electromagnetic wave:969 | |
| Chapter 15 CAPACITANCE | |
| 15.1. Electric capacitance:973 | |
| 15.2. Electrostatic field:979 | |
| 15.2.1. Dielectrics:983 | |
| 15.2.2. Electrostatic and electric fields:985 | |
| 15.2.3. Effect of distance between plates:986 | |
| 15.2.4. Magnitude of electrostatic field:990 | |
| 15.3. Foreign body between capacitor plates:996 | |
| 15.3.1. Electric field in electrostatic field:999 | |
| 15.3.2. Electron in an electrostatic field:1000 | |
| 15.3.3. Macrobody in an electrostatic field:1002 | |
| 15.4. Electrostatic generator:1004 | |
| 15.5. Electrolysis:1009 | |
| Chapter 16 COSMOLOGY | |
| 16.1. Evolution of universe:1015 | |
| 16.1.1. Gravitational collapse of a macrobody:1017 | |
| 16.1.2. Intergalactic cloud:1018 | |
| Chapter 16 (Continued) | |
| 16.1.3. Satellites:1019 | |
| 16.1.4. Planets:1020 | |
| 16.1.5. Stars:1021 | |
| 16.1.6. Black hole:1022 | |
| Invisibility of a black hole:1026 | |
| Background radiation:1028 | |
| Death of a black hole:1029 | |
| 16.1.7. Quasars and Pulsars:1031 | |
| Novae:1032 | |
| 16.1.8. Binary system:1033 | |
| Real paths of stars in a binary system:1034 | |
| 16.1.9. Galaxy:1036 | |
| Stability of a galaxy:1037 | |
| Repulsion between galaxies:1041 | |
| 16.2. Relative motion in cosmology:1048 | |
| 16.2.1. Path of a moving object:1051 | |
| 16.3. Planetary orbit:1052 | |
| 16.3.1. Circular orbit:1059 | |
| 16.3.2. Elliptical orbit:1062 | |
| Limits of angular speed of entry:1067 | |
| Orbits about a moving central body:1072 | |
| 16.3.3. Anomalies in planetary orbits:1076 | |
| Apparent loss of orbital motion:1078 | |
| Precession due to eccentricity:1079 | |
| Assorted perturbations:1080 | |
| 16.3.4. Electronic orbits:1081 | |
| 16.4. 'Central force':1082 | |
| 16.4.1. Magnitude of ‘central force':1089 | |
| 16.4.2. Magnitude of radial velocity:1096 | |
| 16.5. Planetary spin:1099 | |
| 16.5.1. Magnitude of planetary spin:1100 | |
| 16.5.2. Apparent spin motion:1106 | |
| 16.5.3. Anomalies:1109 | |
| 16.5.4. Variations of solar day:1110 | |
| 16.6. Tides:1111 | |
| 16.6.1. Terrestrial tides:1121 | |
| 16.6.2. Direction of tides:1122 | |
| Direction of angular shift from local meradian:1125 | |
| Apparent direction of solar tides:1133 | |
| Chapter 16 (Continued) | |
| Apparent direction of lunar tides:1135 | |
| Effect of orbital motion on directions of tides:1137 | |
| Chapter 17 GENERAL | |
| 17.1. Time:1139 | |
| 17.2. Physical states of matter:1144 | |
| 17.2.1. Latent stages:1146 | |
| 17.2.2. Solid state of matter:1151 | |
| 17.2.3. Liquid state of matter:1154 | |
| 17.2.4. Gaseous state of matter:1157 | |
| 17.2.5. Plasma state of matter:1161 | |
| 17.2.6. Mpemba effect:1163 | |
| 17.3. Evaporation:1167 | |
| 17.3.1. External pressure on macrobody:1167 | |
| 17.3.2. Vaporisation:1169 | |
| 17.3.3. Condensation:1171 | |
| 17.3.4. Boiling:1172 | |
| 17.4. Photo-electricity:1174 | |
| 17.4.1. Photoelectric materials:1175 | |
| 17.4.2. Photoelectric effect:1177 | |
| 17.5. Electric discharge:1183 | |
| 17.5.1. Electric arc:1184 | |
| 17.5.2. Dielectric constant:1186 | |
| 17.5.3. Glow discharge:1186 | |
| 17.6. Emission spectra:1189 | |
| 17.7. Fluorescence:1193 | |
| 17.8. Friction:1196 | |
| 17.9. Elements of matter:1198 | |
| 17.9.1. Hydrogen:1198 | |
| Ions:1205 | |
| Deuterium:1206 | |
| Tritium:1207 | |
| Formation of hydrogen molecule:1209 | |
| Splitting a hydrogen molecule:1214 | |
| 17.9.2. Helium:1215 | |
| 17.9.3. Lithium:1219 | |
| 17.10. Permanent magnet:1220 | |
| 17.11. Magnetic field about a moving macrobody:1223 | |
| Chapter 17 (Continued) | |
| 17.11.1. Terrestrial magnetism:1228 | |
| INDEX | |
| i | |
MATTER
An Alternative Concept
By: Nainan K Varghese
